Inflation in 1913

1913 is where this site’s price history begins, because it’s where the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ own consumer price data begins. The CPI wasn’t published in real time back then; the BLS built the earliest index retroactively from retail price records collected starting in 1913, which makes every dollar figure on this site ultimately anchored to that year’s prices. It was also the year the machinery of modern federal economic policy was built. The 16th Amendment, ratified in February, cleared the constitutional path for a federal income tax, and the Revenue Act that followed in October imposed a top rate of just 7% on income above $500,000, a narrow tax that would later be reshaped into the broad-based system that funds the government today. In December, Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act, creating the central bank that would eventually take on fighting inflation as one of its core jobs, including the 19%-plus interest rates it deployed against the 1970s and early 1980s price surge. Consumer life in 1913 was correspondingly simple by later standards: a first-class stamp cost 2 cents, a price that held from 1885 all the way to 1917, and the Ford Motor Company introduced the moving assembly line at its Highland Park plant that year, a manufacturing breakthrough that would spend the next decade driving down the cost of a car faster than prices elsewhere were rising.